Losses and waste in agri-food systems: what solutions?
Michel Dron, President of the French Academy of Agriculture in 2025
Losses and wastage have been defined by various players, including the FAO. These definitions cover production from living organisms, as well as from fossil extracts, and after harvest (processing, transport, distribution, consumption). Papers discuss whether recycled products can be considered as losses and waste, as well as how to account for the amount of losses between “sowing and harvesting”: how to define the benchmark for an actual production? Is it an average “yield” over n years? Is it the basis for sustainable productivity without damaging soil properties, biodiversity, etc.?
The literature on the subject, the initiatives to address it with research investigation and proposed solutions are numerous. And yet, in 2024, figures from national and international institutions (FAO, USDA, MASA, etc.) are still staggering! On average, these figures point to losses and wastage on the order of 30% per year of what is produced on a planetary scale. Of course, when these figures start to be analysed in detail, they are discussed both upwards and downwards:
- Because organic waste, including wood, fibers and peeling “waste”, can be recycled and reused to a large extent,
- On the other hand, the initial use (cultivation, extraction) requires water, which will be spoiled and therefore need to be cleaned, as well as energy and manpower...
- Because 30% of loss and wastage often represents more than 50% of requested “arable” land, this “non-productive” land has to be exploited from natural environments and in competition with the maintenance of biodiversity...
Even if many stakeholders, including governments, have considered this essential issue, the figures remain indisputable in a world where the population has doubled (from 4 to 8 billion) over the past 50 years, with ever-increasing pressure on planetary resources.
The Académie d'agriculture de France is fortunate to possess a wide range of skills in all the fields and disciplines concerned. It is in a position both to analyze and criticize the complexity of the problem, and to help propose solutions that complement those already in operation. This is what it will be doing in a coordinated way between Sections and the coordination group during the year of the 2025 Presidency.